Zero Sum Future Free Download: A Game Where You Can Replace Your Human Workforce with Robots

One of my go-to experts, Susan Opok (who co-presented our findings in Oxford), manages an innovative network of schools in rural Uganda. She frequently faces the ire of parents who hear of students working together in groups with no direct, continuous input from the teacher. The teacher is roaming around the groups, making suggestions, offering encouragements, pointing out areas of the project that need work. The zero-sum mentality tells the parents that a teacher who gains such freedom inevitably costs their children opportunities to learn. That is why they complain, threatening to withdraw their child.

If the total gains of the participants are added up, and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero. Thus, cutting a cake, where taking a more significant piece reduces the amount of cake available for others as much as it increases the amount available for that taker, is a zero-sum game if all participants value each unit of cake equally. Other examples of zero-sum games in daily life include games like poker, chess, and bridge where one person gains and another person loses, which results in a zero-net benefit for every player.[3] In the markets and financial instruments, futures contracts and options are zero-sum games as well.[4]

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In this summary presentation, prepared for the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) in Egypt, we show that the energy transition is a technology revolution with enormous wealth-generating and redistributive potential, not a burdensome cost to share. This new reality changes the logic of international climate politics: mitigating climate is no longer a zero-sum free-rider problem; it is a positive sum game of reinforcing action, competition, and co-operation.

Psychometrically, measurement invariance across different levels of analysis is called isomorphism [22,25,26]. According to Tay et al. [22], when the same number of factors and the same pattern of free and fixed loadings exists at the individual and at the country level, strong configural isomorphism is said to occur. When the same number of factors is ascertained at the individual and country level, but the pattern of fixed and freed loadings is different, there is a condition of weak configural isomorphism. When none of the above conditions occur (different number of factors, different pattern of fixed and free loadings), there is no evidence of isomorphism. According to Jak [21], strong construct isomorphism can occur in two forms. In the first stronger type, construct isomorphism entails both: (1) equality of factor loadings across levels of analysis, and (2) zero residuals at the higher level of analyses (in our case, the country level). As shown by Jak, Oort, and Dolan [27], this model translates to a multiple group model assuming strong factorial invariance across countries holds, and attests that the items composing the BZSG scale have the same interpretation across levels. Loosely speaking, no cause other than the common factor is exerting an influence on the observed indicators. Another, less restrictive form of construct isomorphism, instead requires an equality constraint on loadings across levels but lets the residual at the higher level be freely estimated. Interestingly, when using this model the causes of these residuals can be investigated by adding external variables to the model.

In these steps, tests of construct isomorphism for the BZSG scale across the individual and the country levels were conducted. As seen in Table 2, a two-level model with equal factor loadings and zero residual variance at the country level (M5; strong isomorphism) did not fit the data at all. Instead, the two-level model with equal factor loadings across levels and freely estimated residual variance at the between level shows good fit to the data (M6). This model was not significantly different from the baseline multilevel weak configural model (M4). Unstandardized and completely parameter estimates for this model, along with their respective standard errors are shown in Table 3. 2ff7e9595c